نشریه جستارهای نوین ادبی
سال پنجاه و پنجم شماره 1 (پیاپی 216، بهار 1401)

Rafiq Hilmi as contemporary Kurd critic, literary scholar, and poet has a critical system of thought. The major themes of his thoughts have been included in his book Kurdish Poetry and Literature. The structure of this can be explored from the two aspects of theoretical criticism and practical criticism. This descriptive-analytical research sought to identify and analyze Hilmi’s critical techniques, approaches, and methods of literary criticism. He has redefined the notions and statements of literary criticism on the one hand, and has criticized the poetical evidence according to his critical thought on the other. Hilmi’s critical techniques are mostly sender/poet-oriented, and message-oriented only in some cases. The final part of the research explains various parts of the stylistics of his criticism, sometimes accompanied by what has been called “quality-free perception”, hyperbole, and absolutism. ***accompanied by what has been termed “quality-free perception”, hyperbole, and absolutism.accompanied by what has been termed “quality-free perception”, hyperbole, and absolutism.

Hossein Kurd Shabestari is one of the most popular heroes in contemporary Persian epic literature. According to recent evidence, the report of his life and battles in Iran, which has been identified for several years as “the story of Hossein Kurd Shabestari”, is the fourth part of another epic entitled Yatimnameh. A comprehensive edition of the work has not yet been published. Ignoring the various aspects of Yatimnameh has resulted in the ignorance of the historical identity of Hussein Kurd as the protagonist of the narrative, and in turn the incorrect comments and ideas about the character. This study evaluated the data obtained from the new historical and literary sources. According to the results, Hossein Kurd Shabestari is Hossein Beyg Tabrizi, Shah Abbas's special bodyguard (Qurchi), who is described in the narrative as a Yatim.

In Persian literature, despite many researches, there is still texts that cannot be categorized into any of the well-known literary genres. This ambiguity is resulted of the negligence of scholars, rather than the nature of literary genres. Karava (Worksong), which can be considered the oldest type of literature, is one of these neglected types in Iranian literature. A genre that goes beyond the origin of speech and was born with the first human effort to make a living: work. The first manifestations of this type can be found in the meaningless sounds that were chanted at work. It can be said that the work songs or chants as the initial form and name of this type. The study tried to introduce this genre completely and accurately for the first time; and then, by analyzing the literary and semantic structure of this ancient type, paved the way for further researches.In this article, we intend to introduce this genre completely and accurately for the first time; and then, by analyzing the literary and semantic structure of this ancient type, we pave the way for further research.

Novel is one of the most important forms of creating a literary work that has special capacities. Using language and imagination, authors of novel can create a fictional world based on the elements in the real world and explain their ideas through it. Among these, philosophical concepts have a special status, in such a way that sometimes the format of the novel is used to express philosophical thoughts and the author tries to present hard philosophical statements to the audience in a more acceptable manner. The point is that instead of expressing philosophical ideas directly, he should express them in a narrative text. Among the creators of contemporary Persian fiction, Hossein Ghassami is a writer who pays special attention to philosophical concepts in his writings. The novel Mosul, Without Parichehr is the author's latest work, in which he describes Levinas's thoughts. Concerning the importance of this philosopher's views, many have regarded him as the founder of a philosophical-moral system that could rebuild the weak foundations of morality in the contemporary world because of his attention to the “Other”. By proposing concepts such as "infinite other" and its role in determining the limits of "subjectivity" and the subject of "infinite responsibility" of man to another, Levinas has considered moral life dependent on paying attention to these concepts. This resaerch took a descriptive-analytical method to study the ways of representing the thoughts of this philosopher in the mentioned novel. The results show that Ghassami indirectly represented the subject of the "Other" with characteristics such as "Infinity" and “Otherness" by paying attention to the character of "Parichehr" and the subject of his absence, as well as the endless search for the character of "Arman" to find this lost lover. In addition to this symbolic expression, Levinas's basic teachings such as "responsibility" and "face" have been considered in both narrative actions and character dialogues.

Verse epistle, also known as verse letter, versified correspondence, and metrical messages, is an obscure literary genre with many examples in poetic and prose texts dates back to the beginning of Persian poetry. The genre has other subgenres such as the "request letter" (Taghazanameh), "apology letter", "condolence letter", "affection letter", "supplication letter", "gratitude poem", and "conciliation letter" in Persian literature. This research identified the main motivations behind composing the letters, including requests, praise, gratitude, satire, congratulating, and consoling the audience. It does so by scrutinizing a series of poetic letters gathered from Divans, Tadhkirahs (Arabic for memorandum or biography) and historical texts based on a set of criteria. The study then analyzed the structure and content elements of poetic letter that have taken numerous forms in different conditions. The study contributes to the literature by introducing a vastly extensive literary genre. Studying this genre allows one to foreground the similarities and differences among its subgenres. On the other hand, it enables researchers to shed new light on the relations among different social classes that had chosen the verse letters as a means of communication, thus looking at Persian literature from a fresh perspective.

The data about the eventful life of Abolghasem Lahuti (1264-1366 AH), a contemporary poet of the constitutional era, reflected in Iranian sources are so ambiguous, deficient and contradictory that it is difficult to draw a clear picture of his life. The sources that have described his life have been written mainly after his unfortunate uprising, escape, and absence from Iran; therefore they are not empty of various kinds of rumors and myths. His adventurous life, half of which was in the turbulent years of the constitutional era and World War I in Iran and Turkey, and the other half was beyond the iron walls of the Soviet Union, provided the necessary grounds for storytelling and gossip about him and has made it difficult to obtain accurate information. Therefore, not only what the reporters of his life have narrated about the events of his life is not precise, but also recent researchers of his biography have not been safe from making mistakes in mentioning the events of his life. This study tried to use some documents and sources that have been less considered by researchers in his life, to analyze the content of some of his poems, to criticize the information contained in Iranian sources, to shed some light on the existing ambiguities and contradictions, and to give a more accurate picture of some aspects of his literary and political life.